Scientific References
Key articles and guidelines used to develop this educational platform
Gyawali CP, Yadlapati R, Fass R, et al.
Gut. 2023;73(2):361-371.
Updated international consensus providing a modern definition of actionable GERD, with revised diagnostic thresholds using ambulatory reflux monitoring, impedance-pH testing, and novel metrics like MNBI and PSPW index.
Katz PO, Dunbar KB, Schnoll-Sussman FH, Greer KB, Yadlapati R, Spechler SJ
American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2022;117(1):27-56.
Comprehensive ACG clinical guideline covering the diagnosis and management of GERD, including recommendations for PPI therapy, diagnostic testing, and surgical interventions.
Gyawali CP, Kahrilas PJ, Savarino E, et al.
Neurogastroenterology & Motility. 2018;30(8).
Original Lyon Consensus establishing standardized metrics and thresholds for diagnosing GERD using ambulatory reflux monitoring.
Stefanidis D, Hope WW, Kohn GP, Reardon PR, Richardson WS, Fanelli RD
Surgical Endoscopy. 2010;24(11):2647-2669.
Evidence-based guidelines from SAGES on patient selection, preoperative workup, and surgical techniques for anti-reflux surgery.
Spechler SJ, Hunter JG, Jones KM, et al.
Gastroenterology. 2018;154(5):1492-1507.
Comprehensive review of the approach to patients with persistent GERD symptoms despite PPI therapy, including differential diagnosis and management strategies.
Yadlapati R, Pandolfino JE, Liddle RA, et al.
Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2020;18(8):1678-1692.
Detailed technical guidelines on performing and interpreting pH-impedance testing for GERD evaluation.
Spechler SJ, Sharma P, Souza RF, et al.
American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2022;117(4):559-587.
Updated ACG guideline covering screening, surveillance, and management of Barrett's esophagus including recommendations on endoscopic eradication therapy for dysplasia.
Chey WD, Howden CW, Moss SF, et al.
American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2024;119(9):1730-1753.
Updated ACG guideline recommending bismuth quadruple therapy (14 days) as preferred first-line treatment and addressing vonoprazan-based regimens for H. pylori eradication.
Moayyedi P, Lacy BE, Andrews CN, et al.
American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2017;112(7):988-1013.
Joint ACG/CAG guideline providing evidence-based recommendations on the evaluation and management of dyspepsia, including test-and-treat strategies and the role of endoscopy.
Lichtenstein GR, Loftus EV, Isaacs KL, et al.
American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2025;120(6):1225-1264.
Comprehensive ACG guideline covering diagnosis, medical and surgical management, and monitoring of Crohn's disease in adults, incorporating the latest biologic and small molecule therapies.
Rubin DT, Dubinsky MC, Fleisher MR, et al.
American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2025;120(6):1187-1224.
Updated ACG guideline on the diagnosis and management of ulcerative colitis, including updated treatment algorithms, use of advanced therapies, and management of acute severe UC.
Shah SC, Piazuelo MB, Kuipers EJ, et al.
Gastroenterology. 2021;161(4):1325-1332.
AGA expert review providing guidance on diagnosing and managing atrophic gastritis, including risk stratification for gastric cancer, surveillance endoscopy strategies, and management of associated B12 deficiency and pernicious anemia.
Rinella ME, Lazarus JV, Ratziu V, et al.
Hepatology. 2023;77(5):1797-1835.
AASLD practice guidance on MASLD (formerly NAFLD) covering risk stratification with non-invasive tests, indications for liver biopsy, lifestyle and pharmacologic therapies including resmetirom, and monitoring recommendations.
Garcia-Tsao G, Abraldes JG, Berzigotti A, et al.
Hepatology. 2023;79(4):1024-1063.
Updated AASLD guidance on the management of portal hypertension in cirrhosis, including non-invasive staging, use of non-selective beta-blockers, prophylaxis and treatment of variceal hemorrhage, and management of ascites and HRS.
Rex DK, Boland CR, Dominitz JA, et al.
American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2021;116(3):458-479.
Updated ACG CRC screening guidelines recommending colonoscopy every 10 years or annual FIT as preferred strategies, lowering the screening start age to 45 for average-risk individuals.
Peery AF, Shaukat A, Strate LL.
Gastroenterology. 2021;160(3):906-911.
AGA practice update providing evidence-based guidance on acute diverticulitis management, including selective antibiotic use, outpatient treatment for uncomplicated disease, and post-diverticulitis colonoscopy.
Kelly CR, Fischer M, Allegretti JR, et al.
American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2021;116(6):1124-1147.
ACG guidelines on C. difficile infection covering diagnosis, first-line treatment with fidaxomicin or vancomycin, management of recurrent CDI, and the role of fecal microbiota transplantation.
Dellon ES, Rothenberg ME, Collins MH, et al.
American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2025;120(1):31-59.
Updated ACG guideline on EoE covering diagnostic criteria (≥15 eosinophils/hpf), PPI-responsive disease, dietary and pharmacologic therapies including dupilumab, and esophageal dilation.
Jophlin LL, Singal AK, Anand BS, et al.
American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2024;119(1):30-54.
Comprehensive ACG guideline on alcohol-associated liver disease covering the full clinical spectrum from steatosis to alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis, with guidance on alcohol use disorder treatment, corticosteroid therapy, and liver transplantation.
Bajaj JS, O'Leary JG, Lai JC, et al.
American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2022;117(2):225-252.
ACG clinical guidelines defining ACLF in the context of cirrhosis and chronic liver disease, with recommendations for diagnosis, organ failure assessment, and management strategies to reduce short-term mortality.
Note: This educational platform is based on current evidence-based guidelines and consensus statements. For clinical decision-making, please refer to the original publications and consult with appropriate specialists.